The commonly used long form of the periodic table is designed to emphasize electron configurations. As another example, an element like chlorine (1s 22s 22p 63s 23p 5) will have three orbital shells: one with two 1s electrons, one with two 2s electrons and six 2p electrons, and one with two 3s electrons and five 3p electrons.\).Since the first orbital shell has only two electrons, we know that Boron has two shells: one with two 1s electrons and one with three electrons from the 2s and 2p orbitals. Since its atomic number is five, we know it has five electrons and its electron configuration looks like this: 1s 22s 22p 1. For example, let's say we're looking at the element Boron (B).Besides the very first shell, which can hold only two electrons, each shell can have eight electrons (except, again, when dealing with transition metals.) This is called the Octet Rule. When we're dealing with atoms outside of the transition metals, we say that these orbitals form "orbital shells" around the nucleus, with each successive shell being further out than the ones before. As electrons are added to an atom, they fall into various orbitals according to the order given above - the first two go into the 1s orbital, the two after that go into the 2s orbital, the six after that go into the 2p orbital, and so on. For more on electron configurations, see also this article.Īssign electrons to orbital shells with the Octet Rule.You only need to change the number in the final orbital - the rest is the same since the orbitals before the final one are completely full. Notice that the number of electrons adds up to 17: 2 2 6 2 5 = 17.For example, if we want to make the orbital diagram for chlorine (Cl), element 17, which has 17 electrons, we would do it like this: Now that you have this, all you need to do to find another atom's electron configuration is just fill in this pattern from the beginning until you run out of electrons.It has the most electrons of any element, so its electron configuration demonstrates all of the possibilities you could encounter in other elements:ġs 22s 22p 63s 23p 64s 23d 104p 65s 24d 105p 66s 24f 145d 106p 67s 25f 146d 107p 6 Examine complete electron configuration for oganesson (Og), element 118, which is the last element on the periodic table.If you have to find it yourself, see below: X Research source Once you know an element's electron configuration, finding its number of valence electrons is quite simple (except, of course, for the transition metals.) If you're given the configuration from the get-go, you can skip to the next step. Their electron capacities are as follows:įind the electron configuration for the element you are examining. Keep in mind that each subshell has a certain electron capacity.That's 11 electrons total - sodium is element number 11, so this makes sense. So, for our example, we would say that sodium has 2 electrons in the 1s orbital plus 2 electrons in the 2s orbital plus 6 electrons in the 2p orbital plus 1 electron in the 3s orbital.The (number)(letter) chunk is the name of the electron orbital and the (raised number) is the number of electrons in that orbital - that's it! (number)(letter) (raised number)(number)(letter) (raised number). Notice that this electron configuration is just a repeating string that goes like this:.Let's look at an example configuration for the element sodium (Na):.These may at first look complicated, but they're just a way to represent the electron orbitals in an atom with letters and numbers and they're easy once you know what you're looking at. Another way to find an element's valence electrons is with something called an electron configuration. Learn how to read an electron configuration. This means that an atom can have multiple numbers of valence electrons depending on how it is manipulated. For reasons that are a little too complex to explain here, when electrons are added to the outermost d shell of a transition metal (more on this below), the first electrons that go into the shell tend to act like normal valence electrons, but after that, they don't, and electrons from other orbital layers sometimes act as valence electrons instead.Generally, the valence electrons are the electrons in the outermost shell - in other words, the last electrons added. As electrons are added to an atom, they are sorted into different "orbitals" - basically different areas around the nucleus that the electrons congregate in.See below for a quick run-through or skip this step to get right to the answers. Understanding why transition metals don't really "work" like the rest of the periodic table requires a little explanation of the way electrons behave in atoms. Understand that transition metals don't have "traditional" valence electrons.
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Keep objects you use often - such as the phone, stapler or printed materials - close to your body to minimize reaching. If you use a laptop at your desk, consider getting an external keyboard and mouse, along with a laptop stand, to more closely mimic a desktop computer setup. Using a laptop computer may lead to discomfort because of the low screen height and cramped keyboard and touchpad. If you wear bifocals, lower the monitor an additional 1 to 2 inches (about 2 to 5 centimeters) for more comfortable viewing. The top of the screen should be at or slightly below eye level. The monitor should be no closer to you than 20 inches (about 50 centimeters) and no further away than 40 inches (about 100 centimeters). Place the computer monitor straight in front of you, directly behind your keyboard, about an arm's length away from your face. If possible, set the sensitivity of the mouse or pointer so you can use a light touch on it. While you are typing, using a computer touchpad, or using a mouse or pointer, keep your wrists straight, your upper arms close to your body, and your hands at or slightly below the level of your elbows. If you use a mouse or another type of pointer connected to a computer, place it within easy reach, on the same surface as your keyboard. Put your computer keyboard in front of you so your wrists and forearms are in line and your shoulders are relaxed. This protects your wrists from a problem called contact stress that can happen as a result of extended contact with a hard edge. If your desk has a hard edge that's not rounded, pad the edge or use a wrist rest. If you don't have a footrest, try using a small stool or a stack of sturdy books. Use a footrest to support your feet if necessary. If the desk is too high and can't be changed, raise your chair. If the desk is too low and the desk height can't be changed, put sturdy boards or blocks under the desk legs to raise it. Don't store items under your desk, as that can shrink the amount of available space and make it hard to sit correctly. Space can be a problem with a smaller netbook or laptop keyboard.Under the desk, make sure there's enough room for your legs and feet. Note: If you feel cramped in the home row position, try spreading your fingers a little. Once your index fingers learn the location of the correct Home Keys, placing your remaining fingers on their proper keys is simple. The bumps make it easier to feel your way onto the correct index finger home keys. Some QWERTY keyboards have a little raised bump on the “F” and “J” keys. If your hands are off to one side, you might think you’re reaching for the right key, but you’ll be missing it and will type the letter or number to its left or right instead. When your hands learn to automatically return to this position, you’ll be able to accurately position your fingers to hit the correct keys when typing. If you’re new to typing, take some time to get comfortable with the location of the Home Row keys and proper Home Row finger placement. This is really a matter of personal preference. Some people use only one thumb (for example their left), while others use a combination. You can use either thumb to press the space bar. Rest both of your thumbs on the space bar. The right-hand index finger is on the letter J. The right-hand second finger is on the letter K. The right-hand ring finger is on the letter L. The little finger on your right hand is on the semicolon. The left-hand index finger is on the letter F. The left-hand second finger is on the letter D. The left-hand ring finger is on the letter S. The little finger on your left hand is on the letter A. Here’s where your fingers should be when they’re properly positioned in “rest” mode: So get into the habit of placing these eight fingers on the eight corresponding keys on the Home Row. Positioning your fingers on the Home Row is always the starting position whenever you begin a touch typing session. When you’re touch typing, the Home Row is where the four fingers of your left hand and the four fingers of your right hand will remain whenever they are not in use. "Awesome access to all your tools, no more digging to find what you need. Thanks to its classic design and rugged construction, users love this tool box and have given it an impressive 4.6-star rating. As for dimensions, it measures about 10 inches wide by 22 inches long by 13 inches tall. Beyond all that, this tool box features industrial-quality construction, its husky, 21-pound weight means it's practically built to last generations. Up top, the lid is of a triple-clasp design and is even pad-lockable for extra security. And of course, down below, the main portion of the box can accept larger tools like hammers or drills (or maybe even hammer drills). These are great places to stash smaller items. Inside, there are four integrated shelves that spread out as you open the lid. Homak's cantilevered tool box blends old-school looks (you've got to love that brown wrinkle finish on the outside) with plenty of functionality. "It's built for heavy use with much sturdier latches and hinges, and the steel in the body of the box is a heck of a lot thicker than the flimsy, throw-away Chinese boxes being sold now under brand names that used to mean quality." If you want heavy-duty construction, consider this pricey - but lovely - Kennedy tool chest. "This is NOT your average big-box store tool box," wrote W.A. The K20B also has a 20-gauge steel body and is made in the USA, plus it has an astounding 4.9-star rating after more than 110 customer reviews. In short, there's a lot to get excited about here. It also has heavy-duty latches and hardware, a lift-out tray with a socket divider and the capacity to hold tools that are up to 20 inches long. With a brown wrinkle finish like the above-mentioned Homak tool chest, this unit exudes old-school cool. It easily accommodated my jigsaw, a Ryobi angle grinder, a DeWalt hammer drill, the handle of the drill and the one for the grinder, a set of masonry drill bits in its case, plus more."Īt $216, it's pricey, but if you're a working professional and want a tool box that's built so well it's a family heirloom, consider the Kennedy K20B. "I bought this case to store several power tools that didn't come with a plastic carrying case. We feel it is a fantastic box for the price we paid and is well made." JeG. MariamG wrote in their review, "I bought this toolbox about six months ago for my husband and it is holding up great. This box is 11.3 inches wide, 23.8 inches long and 11.3 inches tall, making it a convenient size.ĭespite its low price, this DeWalt tool box is a crowd-pleaser, having earned a 4.6-star rating after 700 customer reviews. 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Now all messages will arrive until the app is running on the system.Īlso Read: Here’s How To Change WhatsApp Settings To Protect Your Privacy Method 2: Using BlueStacks Emulator Now anytime you receive any WhatsApp message, you don’t need to access a browser to check for messages. Step 6: Now scan the QR code, and WhatsApp is ready to be used on your PC. Step5: Now, open WhatsApp app on your smartphone and go to the Whatsapp web without a QR code to start scanning the QR code for authentication. Step 4: Once the installation is complete and executed the application is on your system for the first time, it will show you a QR code to set up WhatsApp Step3: Open the file and complete the installation process. Step 2: Once the download is complete, a. Step 1: Download WhatsApp for Windows or macOS from here. Here’s how to install WhatsApp On Computer Without WhatsApp Web and without a QR code : The only requirement here is that WhatsApp supports only Windows 8.1 (or higher) or Mac OSX 10.9 (or newer).Īlso Read: How To Type In Hindi On WhatsApp! There is another way where you can download WhatsApp app on your Windows or macOS system. In case you are not interested in accessing Whatsapp web without a QR code using an Internet browser. It also means that smartphones need an active internet connection for the Whatsapp web without a QR code application to work.Īlso Read: How To Recover Deleted Photos From WhatsApp? Method 1: Downloading WhatsApp App for Windows or macOS for Whatsapp Web without QR Code This can potentially delay the delivery of the messages to a small extent. It happens through your mobile phone before it goes to the end receiver. This is because all the messages we send on the Whatsapp web without a QR code portal are routed. This Whatsapp web without QR code application requires you to have and maintain an active internet connection on both the mobile and the computer. We offer recommendations from over 100 fantasy football experts along with player statistics, the latest news. The 32-year-old finishes his career with 1,407 carries for 7,563 yards and 44 touchdowns, along with 310 catches for 2,593 yards and 20 additional scores. In the 2015 season, Charles would tear his ACL and never be the same. Get instant advice on your decision to start Jamaal Charles or Jay Ajayi for Week 1. Stats Game Log Schedule Start / Sit Jamaal Charles officially retires from the NFL Jamaal Charles took to Twitter to officially announce his retirement on Wednesday. Jamaal Charles would parlay his big day into a lucrative contract extension, which made him one of the highest paid running backs in the NFL at the time. The performance was particularly noteworthy as it came in the fantasy football playoffs, so many people either won cause of Charles or were destroyed by Charles. Ralph Sampson, Player Jamaal Wilkes, Player All-American Red Heads, Team. Get info about his position, age, height, weight, college, draft, and more on. This resulted in the following fantasy football points for Charles: Al Attles, Contributor Carl Braun, Player Charles Chuck Cooper, Player. Checkout the latest stats for Jamaal Charles. Charles had a total of 8 receptions, 195 yards receiving and four receiving touchdowns. The eye-popping numbers, though, came through the air. Charles signed a one-day contract with the Chiefs to retire with the team who originally drafted him back in In his nine seasons. Here are 7 other notable fantasy football scores in NFL history. Download Draft Fantasy Filter Forward 5s. With 51 points in standard scoring, it was one of the highest fantasy scores of all-time. All Combine and Draft-Related Analysis, News, Video, and Biographical Information for Jamaal Charles. This performance became known as the "Jamaalocaust".Ĭharles rushed 8 times for 20 yards and a TD. Jamaal Charles had one of the most ridiculous fantasy weeks ever with 5 touchdowns and 215 all-purpose yards against the Raiders. He scored 30 total fantasy points in the. Check the detailed information on Jamaal Charles, RB player: 2023 Strength of Schedule, Outlook 2022 Game Stats, etc. Jamaal Charles of the Kansas City Chiefs would post one of the biggest ever games by a running back, finding the endzone a total of five times in the game. He became the first player in NFL history to have four touchdown receptions and one rushing touchdown in a single game. The Kansas City Chiefs were travelling to Oakland to take on the Raiders. © 2023 Detroit Lions, Ltd.What does the term "Jamaalocaust" mean in the world of fantasy football? What is meant by the term "Jamaalocaust"?ĭecember 15th, 2013. Spiller, but what if you have that gut feeling that Jamaal Charles is. No portion of this site may be reproduced without the express written permission of the Detroit Lions. Sure, Ray Rice may have better stats and be more reliable then Jamaal Charles or C.J. It was a box 4½ feet square, with soft ground-up corncobs on the floor. He was born and raised in Tennessee, and conducted the mouse utopia studies at the National Institute of Mental Health, or NIMH. John Calhoun looked like the action-movie star Charles Bronson. Because he also knew just how quickly mouse heaven can deteriorate into mouse hell. And by this point, he knew not to expect a happy ending. Officially, Calhoun called this setup the “Mortality-Inhibiting Environment for Mice.” Unofficially, it was mouse heaven.īut the thing is, this wasn’t the first rodent heaven that Calhoun built. A mouse could live to ripe old age there, and never worry about a thing. He also kept away all predators, and screened the mice to eliminate all disease. Plenty of food and water a perfect climate reams of paper to make cozy nests. In short, Calhoun’s colony was a mouse utopia-a giant pen with everything a mouse could ever desire. Now, what sort of experiment could justify such thundering rhetoric? A colony of mice. Calhoun titled his most famous paper “Death Squared.” And in it, he quotes from the fiery Book of Revelations and invokes the dreaded Four Horseman of the Apocalypse. Most scientific papers are bland-even bloodless. CreditsĪudio Engineer: Jonathan Pfeffer Transcript These topsy-turvy science tales, some of which have never made it into history books, are surprisingly powerful and insightful. The Disappearing Spoon tells little-known stories from our scientific past-from the shocking way the smallpox vaccine was transported around the world to why we don’t have a birth control pill for men. The Science History Institute has teamed up with New York Times best-selling author Sam Kean to bring a second history of science podcast to our listeners. In a 2011 article, Ramsden writes that Calhoun’s studies were brandished by others to justify population control efforts largely targeted at poor and marginalized communities.John Calhoun’s colony was a mouse utopia-a giant pen with everything a mouse could ever desire: plenty of food and water, a perfect climate, and reams of paper to make cozy nests. But the thing is, this wasn’t the first rodent heaven that Calhoun built. Population growth in the 1970s was swelling, and films such as Soylent Green tapped into growing fears of overpopulation and urban violence. “There’s no recovery, and that’s what was so shocking to ,” says Ramsden.Ĭalhoun wasn’t shy about anthropomorphizing his findings, binning rodents into categories such as “juvenile delinquents” and “social dropouts,” and others seized on these human parallels. Effectively, says Ramsden, they became “trapped in an infantile state of early development,” even when removed from Universe 25 and introduced to “normal” mice. Instead of interacting with their peers, males compulsively groomed themselves females stopped getting pregnant. Mice born into the chaos couldn’t form normal social bonds or engage in complex social behaviors such as courtship, mating, and pup-rearing. This iteration, dubbed Universe 25, was the first crowding experiment he ran to completion.Įventually Universe 25 took another disturbing turn. The only scarce resource in this microcosm was physical space, and Calhoun suspected that it was only a matter of time before this caused trouble in paradise.Ĭalhoun had been running similar experiments with rodents for decades but had always had to end them prematurely, ironically because of laboratory space constraints, says Edmund Ramsden, a science historian at Queen Mary University of London. In 1968, Calhoun had started the experiment by introducing four mouse couples into a specially designed pen-a veritable rodent Garden of Eden-with numerous “apartments,” abundant nesting supplies, and unlimited food and water. The results, laid bare at his feet, had taken years to play out. Calhoun wasn’t the survivor of a natural disaster or nuclear meltdown rather, he was a researcher at the National Institute of Mental Health conducting an experiment into the effects of overcrowding on mouse behavior. Or you can contact our office administrator at. If you need help using Breeze, access the South Valley Breeze User Guide here. Clean Database for your People & Families, Attendance Tracking, Kids Check-in. Start Breeze, click Connect, and then enter our ID: SVUUS. Our team will help move you in, and provide whatever you need to get started fast.Click Install, and then look for the Breeze icon. In Play Store (Android) or App Store (Apple), search for BreezeChMS (by Productivity), and click GET. Breeze, while being powerful, made it far more straightforward to track our congregation members information, increase involvement, and improve on prompt communication. Our previous management system was far too convoluted. How to access your Breeze account on your phone or tablet Breeze CHMS was adopted by my church around two years ago to replace CCB (Church Community Builder). Go to and sign in using the account you created. How to access your Breeze account on the Internet In this review, we take a look at Breeze Church Management Software and what this tool has to offer. To help church leaders compare their options, we’re continuing to add to our series of ChMS reviews. In the email, click on the Create Account button at the bottom. 260 0 With a wide variety of ChMS tools available, it’s easy to become overwhelmed with all the choices.Find your email invitation to create an account in Breeze. Breeze also allows you to have full access to your personal and family profile, your past and planned pledges and donations, online giving, and the South Valley groups and committees you may be interested in joining. Only members of our congregation will have access to this information. One feature of Breeze is a secure, password-protected online directory that will allow you to see contact information and profile pictures of fellow congregants. *Giving information is ONLY visible to you and the church finance director.South Valley uses the Breeze Church Management System as our database to help manage our congregational information. ^Attendance information is only visible to you and the church staff. You have the ability to turn on and off permissions to view any of this information. Planning Center is an all-in-one church management system made to help you organize information, coordinate events, communicate. The only information visible to other members is what you allow within the Main, Contact, Family, Membership, and Work/Education categories. Breeze is a cloud-based church management software designed to assist small & mid-sized churches in managing events, donations. With Breeze, your church can store an unlimited number of people in your database, securely check in children & print name tags, send email & text messages, offer online & text giving, run extensive reporting and much more. Salaries, reviews, and more - all posted by employees working at Breeze. Our mission is to provide churches the most easy-to-use ChMS available, at an affordable price. You can not see their detail information. See what employees say its like to work at Breeze Church Management Software. See what makes Breeze Church Management software the world's easiest ChMS for small and mid-size churches. You will be able to see the photo, name, and contact information for those people who are in the directory. People is how you get to the online directory. You can use those areas to see your attendance and giving history. On the left side of your profile information is “Attendance^” and “Giving*”. as well as your ability to opt in to the church directory Giving. Your birthday will still be visible but not your age. Contact & Directory Information your mailing and email addresses, your phone number, etc. If you don’t want to share your age, change the year to “0000”. Breeze is an intuitive web-based church management software that helps small to mid-size churches and organizations monitor people, manage events and track donations. Belle Vale Health Centre, Hedgefield Road, L25 Breeze Hill Medical Centre. Breeze Church management is designed for small and midsize churches. We encourage clinicians (GP Practices) to support patients without internet. You can change any of the information by “hovering” over the grey block above each segment of information (Main, Contact, Family, Membership, Work/Education). It helps users manage donations, contacts, receipting, reporting, email and fundraising initiatives from a single system. Some of your information may need to be updated. While the other software on this list focus specifically on external hard drive formatting, the HP Disk Storage Formatter specializes in USB devices such as flash drives. If you only need to perform a one-time task and one program doesn’t work for you, I suggest trying another one before making any purchase. This is true for all of the programs mentioned above. Some options will be available in the free version while others will require the paid version. It’s also regularly updated and supports Windows 10. It’s pretty much got all the same features as the other programs mentioned above and it also has a freeware version. The last recommended partition manager is AOMEI Partition Assistant. They also have a paid version that supports more features and works on bigger drives. For those who are uncomfortable with making these kinds of changes, the software does a good job of easing you through the process. What I like about Paragon is that the each function in the software has its own wizard. It’s four basic functions: backup and recovery, partition manager, disk wiper and drive copy. Paragon Partition Manager free is another great little utility that supports Windows 10 and has a lot of features. You can use it to extend your system partition, migrate your OS from a standard HDD to a SSD, convert file system, and lots more. It supports Windows 10, just about all file system formats, UEFI and EFI boot, MBR and GPT disks, RAID storage, and SSDs. The interface is quite straightforward and the software is excellent at making complex formatting options simple. MiniTool Partition Wizard Free is a freeware disk partitioning and formatting utility that is simple to use and effective. If you need to perform some more advanced tasks like convert the partition or clone it, you’ll have to upgrade to the paid version. You can resize or move partitions, merge partitions, check partitions, wipe partitions, format partitions and change the label. If you need to manage partitions, copy partitions or even create boot disks, EaseUS Partition Master Free Edition is an excellent utility that can handle all of that and more.Ĭurrently one of the highest ranked hard drive utilities on many websites, this lightweight Windows app is a bit more intuitive than the built-in Windows Disk Management function, offering several additional options and features. In many cases, these utilities are often more effective than the built-in options that Windows and OS X offer as well. In those cases where a hard drive is simply not formatting, partitioning, etc., you may want to consider using a specialty hard drive formatting utility, which will often times make things simpler. If this is happening, this guide may be useful. If you’re comfortable using command line, then you may want to check out our guide on how to format external hard drives to FAT32.Īdditionally, your computer may not recognize the external hard drive whatsoever. If you are unable to get a hard drive formatted or partitioned correctly using the built-in apps that are offered by Microsoft and Apple, then your next step may be to try and format the drive directly, using command line. She told them of the fearsome Titan Cronos. Mnemosyne searched her long memory and recounted all the things she saw, describing to her young daughters the creation of the world, the cosmic power of the titans, her kin and their ancestors, each by name. The Early Years of the Nine MusesĪs her 9 daughters grew, she fascinated and educated them with the most illustrious and fantastic tales that she knew. For calling her name also evoked the power of the Nine Muses as she was their mother.Īccording to the Greek poet and author Hesiod in his famous work Theogony, the power to capture the mind and heart of mortals displayed by great kings and poets was due to the temporary possession of the king by Mnemosyne, which gave their words great power and charisma. Individuals from Socrates to Homer were known to have evoked her name, so that she may grant them sharpness of memory, keenness of mind, and power of speech when they needed it. Mnemosyne, unlike many other Titans, was held in fair regard by the ancient Greeks. Though initiates of Orphism were taught instead to drink from the River of Mnemosyne, the river of memory, which was believed to cease the cycle of rebirths in the transmigration of the soul. In Ancient Greek religion those who have died were said to drink from the River Lethe in the land of Hades (Underworld) which caused forgetfulness so that they would not remember their past lives when reincarnated. Hesiod and the Muse by Gustave Moreau, 1891. As legend goes her flawless memory stretches all the way back to the beginning, to the very dawn of creation, for as the daughter of Earth and Sky, she was there to witness it all. Even her name stems from the Greek word μνήμη ( mneme) which means memory or remembrance. This makes Mnemosyne the aunt of Zeus, since she is the daughter of the siblings of Zeus’ father Cronos. Mnemosyne was the daughter of the Titans Ouranos (Uranus) and Gaia, whose names literally means “Heaven” and “Earth”, respectively, a child of the fundamental forces of creation. Together they lay writhing for nine consecutive nights of ecstatic love-making, which is why she conceived nine lovely daughters at the same time, who became the Nine Muses. Zeus is said to have come across Mnemosyne while in the form of a young mortal shepherd, in which form he seduced her. The Nine Muses were daughters of the great Zeus and a Titaness by the name of Mnemosyne (Μνημοσύνη, pronounced something like Ne-mo-SEE-ne). Mnemosyne :: The Mother of the Nine Muses Ourania, the Muse of Astronomy and Celestial Objects.Polymnia, the Muse of Hymns (Sacred Poetry).Euterpe, the Muse of Music and Lyric Poetry.Homer did just this in both the Iliad and Odyssey.īelow are he Nine Muses by name and the branch of art that they were over time attached to (with a more complete list of their qualities and associations found at the end of this article): In ancient Greece it was common practice to begin their works with a small prayer to the Nine Muses (or to their mother Mnemosyne) in the hopes that they would inspire their minds and fill their work with divine energy and skill. It was their divine voices who whispered into the ear of the artists, speaking the words of inspiration which emerged in silence of their minds, becoming their greatest work. 654a–b).The Nine Muses of Ancient Greek Mythology were those who inspired the greatest art, music, poetry, and even scholarship in mortal men (and women). Similarly, not knowing how to play the lyre or sing and dance in a chorus revealed a lack of the most basic kind of education (Ar. Hence expressions such as ‘lyreless’ or ‘chorusless’ were self-evident symbols of deep sadness appropriate for desperate dirges (Eur. In keeping with its pervasive cultural presence, the Graeco-Roman discourse on mousikē concerned much more than a set of practices and artistic techniques and involved a complex repertoire of cultural values that were expressed by means of, and associated with, specific musical languages, preferences and styles.įor these reasons, mousikē was often the subject of heated cultural debates that were by no means limited to a purely aesthetic dimension, but concerned the whole realm of social experience: ethical, political, psychological, educational, as well as medical and religious controversies were deeply concerned with musical concepts, models and practices. |